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The achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in ultra-cold vapours
of alkali atoms has given enormous impulse to the study of dilute
atomic gases in condensed quantum states inside magnetic traps and
optical lattices. High purity and easy optical access make them
ideal candidates to investigate fundamental issues on interacting
quantum systems. This review presents some theoretical issues which
have been addressed in this area and the numerical techniques which
have been developed and used to describe them, from mean-field
models to classical and quantum simulations for equilibrium and
dynamical properties. The attention given in this article to
methods beyond standard mean-field approaches should make it a
useful reference point for future advances in these areas.
These volumes collect the lecture notes of the course a oeAn
introduction to computational physicsa held in the academic year
2000/01 for students of the University of Pisa and Scuola Normale
Superiore at the level of the last two-year undergraduates in
physics and chemistry. The second part deals with various types of
particle methods, both deterministic and stochastic, used in modern
applications of computer simulations in physics and related
disciplines.
These volumes collect the lecture notes of the course a oeAn
introduction to computational physicsa held in the academic year
2000/01 for students of the University of Pisa and Scuola Normale
Superiore at the level of the last two-year undergraduates in
physics and chemistry. Grid methods are the tool of the trade for
the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations and
consequently they represent a a oemusta for anyone dealing with
computational science. With grid methods, a major distinction is
made between methods which do not require matrix algebra and those
which do.
"Both superb and essential... Succi, with clarity and wit, takes us
from quarks and Boltzmann to soft matter - precisely the frontier
of physics and life." Stuart Kauffman, MacArthur Fellow, Fellow of
the Royal Society of Canada, Gold Medal Accademia Lincea We live in
a world of utmost complexity, outside and within us. There are
thousand of billions of billions of stars out there in the
Universe, a hundred times more molecules in a glass of water, and
another hundred times more in our body, all working in sync to keep
us alive and well. At face value, such numbers spell certain doom
for our ability to make any sense at all of the world around and
within us. And yet, they don't. Why, and how - this book endeavours
to provide an answer to these questions with specific reference to
a selected window of the physics-biology interface. The story
unfolds over four main Parts. Part I provides an introduction to
the main organizational principles which govern the functioning of
complex systems in general, such as nonlinearity, nonlocality and
ultra-dimensions. Part II deals with thermodynamics, the science of
change, starting with its historical foundations laid down in the
19th century, and then moving on to its modern and still open
developments in connection with biology and cosmology. Part III
deals with the main character of this book, free energy, and the
wondrous scenarios opened up by its merger with the modern tools of
statistical physics. It also describes the basic facts about soft
matter, the state of matter most relevant to biological organisms.
Finally, Part IV discusses the connection between time and
complexity, and its profound implications on the human condition,
i.e. the one-sided nature of time and the awareness of human
mortality. It concludes with a few personal considerations about
the special place of emotions and humility in science.
Introduction to Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics
Flowing matter is all around us, from daily-life vital processes
(breathing, blood circulation), to industrial, environmental,
biological, and medical sciences. Complex states of flowing matter
are equally present in fundamental physical processes, far remote
from our direct senses, such as quantum-relativistic matter under
ultra-high temperature conditions (quark-gluon plasmas). Capturing
the complexities of such states of matter stands as one of the most
prominent challenges of modern science, with multiple ramifications
to physics, biology, mathematics, and computer science. As a
result, mathematical and computational techniques capable of
providing a quantitative account of the way that such complex
states of flowing matter behave in space and time are becoming
increasingly important. This book provides a unique description of
a major technique, the Lattice Boltzmann method to accomplish this
task. The Lattice Boltzmann method has gained a prominent role as
an efficient computational tool for the numerical simulation of a
wide variety of complex states of flowing matter across a broad
range of scales; from fully-developed turbulence, to multiphase
micro-flows, all the way down to nano-biofluidics and lately, even
quantum-relativistic sub-nuclear fluids. After providing a
self-contained introduction to the kinetic theory of fluids and a
thorough account of its transcription to the lattice framework,
this text provides a survey of the major developments which have
led to the impressive growth of the Lattice Boltzmann across most
walks of fluid dynamics and its interfaces with allied disciplines.
Included are recent developments of Lattice Boltzmann methods for
non-ideal fluids, micro- and nanofluidic flows with suspended
bodies of assorted nature and extensions to strong non-equilibrium
flows beyond the realm of continuum fluid mechanics. In the final
part, it presents the extension of the Lattice Boltzmann method to
quantum and relativistic matter, in an attempt to match the major
surge of interest spurred by recent developments in the area of
strongly interacting holographic fluids, such as electron flows in
graphene.
In recent years, stylized forms of the Boltzmann equation, now going by the name of "Lattice Boltzmann equation" (LBE), have emerged, which relinquish most mathematical complexities of the true Boltzmann equation without sacrificing physical fidelity in the description of many situations involving complex fluid motion. This book provides the first detailed survey of LBE theory and its major applications to date. Accessible to a broad audience of scientists dealing with complex system dynamics, the book also portrays future developments in allied areas of science (material science, biology etc.) where fluid motion plays a distinguished role.
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